In the early 1990s, Dr. Hollis Scarborough invented the Reading Rope model. This model was developed with the goal of helping parents better understand the necessary skills that their children needed to develop to become proficient readers. In the original model Dr. Scarborough used pipe cleaners to convey how the different “strands” of reading are all interconnected yet independent of one another.  For many students, learning to read is a challenge and Scarborough's Rope captures the complexity of learning to read. The Handbook of Early Literacy Research published Dr. Scarborough’s Reading Rope in 2001. Since then, this framework has become a staple for many reading teachers.

Scarborough's Reading Rope is made up of lower and upper strands. When all these component parts intertwine it results in skilled and accurate, fluent reading with strong comprehension.

The Upper Strands

Background Knowledge

Background knowledge is an essential component in learning because it helps us make sense of new ideas and experiences. Readers rely on background knowledge to attend to and make sense of what they are reading. This is especially important for readers who are still relying heavily on word decoding rather than rapid word recognition. Having knowledge about a variety of subjects, topics, and ideas makes it more likely that they will be able to make sense of what they are reading and more likely that they will add to their body of knowledge.

Vocabulary

An extensive and rich vocabulary enables readers to make sense of what they are reading. A reader with rich auditory and oral vocabularies will find it easier to read through texts that contain words they have not seen in print before. If the student can use their growing decoding skills and match their result with a word they already know the meaning of, they will be more confident in their abilities and will spend less overall effort on reading a text.

Language Structures

• Syntax - The arrangement of words in a phrase or sentence. The English language has patterns and rules for the way we order our words. It also has some flexibility and variety in acceptable patterns, and even then, speakers and writers are allowed some leeway with these patterns.
• Semantics - In linguistics, semantics is the study of the meanings of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences. Knowledge of the meaning of a text is essential to reading.

Verbal Reasoning

• Inference - a conclusion one can draw from known facts or evidence.
• Metaphor - a word or phrase used to say that something is another thing in order to suggest that they are similar.

Literary Knowledge

• Print Concepts - letters vs. words, 1:1 correspondence, reading left-to-right and top-to-bottom, spaces between written words, letter order matters, etc.
• Genres of Literature - different types of books or stories defined by special characteristics.

The Lower Strands

Phonological Awareness

Phonological Awareness is a skill set that includes identifying and manipulating units of oral language – parts such as words, syllables, onsets, and rimes. Did you know that you can improve your students’ ability to read unfamiliar words without showing them a single printed letter?

Decoding

Decoding is the ability to apply knowledge of sound-letter relationships (phonics) to correctly pronounce written words. Did you know that in 2019, only 35% of 4th graders were at or above (NAEP) proficient level on the reading assessment?

Sight Recognition

Our sight word memory is also referred to as our orthographic lexicon, which includes all the words we can read accurately and effortlessly. Literate adults have a sight word memory of 30,000 to 70,000 words. Starting in 3rd grade, it is estimated that “skilled orthographic mappers” anchor 10-15 new words a day into their sight word memories. Sight word recognition is foundational to fluent reading.

Connecting Strands to Literacy Success

Scarborough's Reading Rope illustrates how skilled reading relies on the intertwining of language comprehension and word recognition. Each strand—like phonological awareness, decoding, vocabulary, and background knowledge—works together, gradually strengthening to create fluent, meaningful reading. As educators, using the Reading Rope framework helps us focus on building these essential components in a balanced, structured way, ensuring that students not only decode words but also fully understand and engage with the text. By addressing each strand, we help students develop into confident, capable readers equipped for lifelong literacy success.