Reading is a multifaceted process that involves decoding, sentence comprehension, and making conceptual connections. Oral language skills are the foundation for literacy development, enabling children to effectively understand and engage with written text (Hulme & Snow, 2016). Studies suggest that students with advanced oral language proficiency exhibit stronger phonemic awareness, a fundamental component of early reading success (Snow & Hulme, 2012). 

A well-developed vocabulary is essential for reading comprehension. Children with a broad vocabulary base can interpret text more effectively and infer the meanings of unfamiliar words. Snow and Hulme (2012) highlight that explicit vocabulary instruction enhances spoken and written language abilities. Effective strategies for vocabulary development include:

• Teaching Words in Context: Introducing new vocabulary within meaningful discussions aids in understanding word usage and meaning.
• Encouraging Rich Conversations: Engaging students in discussions on books, current events, and academic topics fosters vocabulary growth.
• Providing Multiple Exposures to Words: Repeated encounters with new vocabulary across different contexts reinforce understanding. 

Listening comprehension is a strong predictor of reading success. Snow and Hulme (2016) emphasize that listening skills in early childhood correlate with later reading comprehension. Children with advanced listening skills can process and understand complex sentences, supporting their ability to read fluently. Educators can enhance listening comprehension by:

• Asking open-ended questions encourages critical thinking and discussion.
• Conducting read-aloud sessions with complex narratives to model comprehension strategies.
• Providing opportunities for students to summarize and explain what they hear. 

A literacy curriculum integrating oral language development can improve students' reading abilities and academic performance. Schools can implement oral language instructions by:

• Structuring classroom discussions that promote analytical thinking and verbal expression.
• Utilizing interactive read-alouds to expose students to rich language and diverse sentence structures.
• Incorporating storytelling activities to strengthen students’ narrative skills. 

Effective reading instruction extends beyond phonics and decoding. Structured conversations, vocabulary instruction, and listening activities enhance reading comprehension and support long-term literacy growth. Schools prioritizing oral language development within literacy instruction equip students with the skills necessary for lifelong reading success (Snow & Hulme, 2012). 

References 
Snow, M., & Hulme, C. (2012). The role of oral language in reading development. Journal of Educational Psychology, 104(4), 858-872. 
Hulme, C., & Snow, M. (2016). Language development and literacy: Bridging the gap. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 36, 74-91.